Saw-dry-rip quality of Norway spruce sawn timber from Finnish and north-western Russian logs for value-added end-products

201

Extractives of Tree Biomass of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) for Biorefining in Four Climatic Regions in Finland—Lipophilic Compounds, Stilbenes, and Lignans

The aim of the study was to quantify total extractive contents and lipophilic compounds, stilbenes, and lignans in Scots pine stem wood, stem bark, branch biomass, and sawmill residues in four climatic regions of Finland to evaluate the most optimal sources of extractives for bio-based chemical biorefining and bioenergy products. Data were derived from 78 chip samples from the before-mentioned raw materials, the samples being pooled by tree height position from the sample trees of 42 experimental forest stands, and sawdust lots from 10 log stands. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was employed to determine total extractive contents, followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) to quantify extractive groups and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to analyse individual extractive compounds. Resin acids and triglycerides followed by fatty acids were the dominant extractive groups. Resin acids were most abundant in stem wood from final fellings and in sawdust, fatty acids in bark and branch biomass, and triglycerides also in stem wood from thinnings and the top parts of trees. Of the minor extractive groups, stilbenes were the most abundant in stem wood from final fellings and in sawdust, and steryl esters, sterols, and lignans in bark and branch biomass, the two last groups almost missing from other biomass components. Regional differences in the contents of extractive groups were generally small, 1.0-1.5 percentage points at the maximum, but factor analysis distinguished northern and southern regions into their own groups. Bark was the most potential source of fatty acids and sterols in southern Finland, and triglycerides and steryl esters in northern Finland. In stem wood, steryl esters, triglycerides, and lignans decreased and stilbenes increased from north to south. Certain fatty acids and resin acids were more frequent in the north. The results highlighted the importance of focused procurement and efficient sorting of raw materials, purity, unique properties, and feasible isolation techniques for competitive ability as well as large raw material volumes or well-defined value-added products.Peer reviewe

WoodCircus, Underpinning the vital role of the forest-based sector in the Circular Bioeconomy. D2.2 Resource Efficiency, Side Streams and Value Chain Analysis – WP2 Final Report

202

Puun ominaisuuksien modifiointi : Menetelmät ja tutkimuksen tila

Tässä julkaisussa tarkastellaan puun ominaisuuksien fysikaalisia, kemiallisia ja biologisia muokkaus- eli modifiointimenetelmiä. Näillä menetelmillä on tavoitteena parantaa sekä puun alun perin hyviä ominaisuuksia että sen käyttöä rajoittavia ominaisuuksia. Modifioinnilla tarkoitetaan käsittelyjä, joissa puuhun ei lisätä eikä siitä käytön aikana liukene ympäristöön eliöille haitallisia kemikaaleja eli biosidejä, ja että tuotetta elinkaarensa lopuksi hävitettäessä syntyvät ympäristöhaitat eivät ylitä modifioimattoman puun hävittämisestä syntyviä haittoja. Julkaisun alussa on käsitelty lähemmin niitä ominaisuuksia, joihin modifioinnilla pyritään pääasiassa vaikuttamaan: biologinen ja kosteudenkestävyys, mekaaninen kestävyys, palonkestävyys, säänkestävyys ja pH. Tämän jälkeen käydään läpi käytössä sekä kehitteillä olevia modifiointimenetelmiä. Fysikaalisista modifiointimenetelmistä huomattavinta kaupallista merkitystä on lämpökäsittelyllä, jonka määrä ylittää selvästi muut modifiointimenetelmät ja on kasvanut vuosittain 2000-luvun alusta saakka. Kaupallistettuja kemiallisia puun modifiointimenetelmiä ovat asetylointi, furfulointi, öljy- ja vahakäsittelyt sekä muutamat polymeerimodifiointimenetelmät. Kehitteillä olevia modifiointimenetelmiä on tässä työssä selvitetty tutkimusjulkaisuista ja muista saatavilla olevista lähteistä. Merkittävä tutkimuksen ja kehittämisen kohde tällä hetkellä ovat puunsuoja-aineiksi soveltuvat luontaiset kemikaalit, koska biosideille etsitään ympäristöystävällisiä vaihtoehtoja. Puumateriaalin ja erityisesti sen pinnan puristamista yhdistettynä lämpökäsittelyyn tutkitaan ja kehitetään sekä teollisuudessa että tutkimuslaitoksissa. Myös kemiallisten ja fysikaalisten modifiointimenetelmien yhdistämistä kehitetään. Suurin haaste modifioitujen puutuotteiden kaupallistamisessa on valmistuskustannus: tuotantoprosessi ja tarvittavat tuotannontekijät on vaikea saattaa kustannustasolle, joka mahdollistaisi hinnaltaan elinkelpoisten tuotteiden valmistamisen. Myös jo kaupallisessa tuotannossa olevia modifiointimenetelmiä kehitetään jatkuvasti niiden taloudellisuuden ja teknisen kilpailukyvyn parantamiseksi. Julkaisussa on käsitelty myös modifioitujen puutuotteiden testausta, testausstandardien soveltuvuutta modifioidulle puulle sekä standardien käyttöön liittyviä erityispiirteitä modifioidulla puulla.201

Extractives of Tree Biomass of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) for Biorefining in Four Climatic Regions in Finland—Lipophilic Compounds, Stilbenes, and Lignans

The aim of the study was to quantify total extractive contents and lipophilic compounds, stilbenes, and lignans in Scots pine stem wood, stem bark, branch biomass, and sawmill residues in four climatic regions of Finland to evaluate the most optimal sources of extractives for bio-based chemical biorefining and bioenergy products. Data were derived from 78 chip samples from the before-mentioned raw materials, the samples being pooled by tree height position from the sample trees of 42 experimental forest stands, and sawdust lots from 10 log stands. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was employed to determine total extractive contents, followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC–FID) to quantify extractive groups and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to analyse individual extractive compounds. Resin acids and triglycerides followed by fatty acids were the dominant extractive groups. Resin acids were most abundant in stem wood from final fellings and in sawdust, fatty acids in bark and branch biomass, and triglycerides also in stem wood from thinnings and the top parts of trees. Of the minor extractive groups, stilbenes were the most abundant in stem wood from final fellings and in sawdust, and steryl esters, sterols, and lignans in bark and branch biomass, the two last groups almost missing from other biomass components. Regional differences in the contents of extractive groups were generally small, 1.0−1.5 percentage points at the maximum, but factor analysis distinguished northern and southern regions into their own groups. Bark was the most potential source of fatty acids and sterols in southern Finland, and triglycerides and steryl esters in northern Finland. In stem wood, steryl esters, triglycerides, and lignans decreased and stilbenes increased from north to south. Certain fatty acids and resin acids were more frequent in the north. The results highlighted the importance of focused procurement and efficient sorting of raw materials, purity, unique properties, and feasible isolation techniques for competitive ability as well as large raw material volumes or well-defined value-added products

Extractives of Tree Biomass of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) for Biorefining in Four Climatic Regions in Finland—Lipophilic Compounds, Stilbenes, and Lignans

The aim of the study was to quantify total extractive contents and lipophilic compounds, stilbenes, and lignans in Scots pine stem wood, stem bark, branch biomass, and sawmill residues in four climatic regions of Finland to evaluate the most optimal sources of extractives for bio-based chemical biorefining and bioenergy products. Data were derived from 78 chip samples from the before-mentioned raw materials, the samples being pooled by tree height position from the sample trees of 42 experimental forest stands, and sawdust lots from 10 log stands. Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was employed to determine total extractive contents, followed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC–FID) to quantify extractive groups and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to analyse individual extractive compounds. Resin acids and triglycerides followed by fatty acids were the dominant extractive groups. Resin acids were most abundant in stem wood from final fellings and in sawdust, fatty acids in bark and branch biomass, and triglycerides also in stem wood from thinnings and the top parts of trees. Of the minor extractive groups, stilbenes were the most abundant in stem wood from final fellings and in sawdust, and steryl esters, sterols, and lignans in bark and branch biomass, the two last groups almost missing from other biomass components. Regional differences in the contents of extractive groups were generally small, 1.0−1.5 percentage points at the maximum, but factor analysis distinguished northern and southern regions into their own groups. Bark was the most potential source of fatty acids and sterols in southern Finland, and triglycerides and steryl esters in northern Finland. In stem wood, steryl esters, triglycerides, and lignans decreased and stilbenes increased from north to south. Certain fatty acids and resin acids were more frequent in the north. The results highlighted the importance of focused procurement and efficient sorting of raw materials, purity, unique properties, and feasible isolation techniques for competitive ability as well as large raw material volumes or well-defined value-added products

Oikeuskemiallisesti todetut myrkytyskuolemat Suomessa vuonna 1981

Summary: Fatal Poisonings Verified in Forensic Chemistry Examinations in Finland in 1981

Mechanical properties and water resistance of Vietnamese acacia and rubberwood after thermo-hygro-mechanical modification

Low density and poor mechanical performance often limit utilisation of sawn wood from fast-growing plantation forests. Thermo-hygro-mechanical modification (THM) of timber is one innovation for improving the properties of light-weight wood species. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of THM and subsequent thermal treatment on dry density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), compression strength, Brinell hardness, and swelling behaviour in immersion tests on two fast-growing Vietnamese species, acacia (Acacia mangium) and rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis). Test boards were modified in an industrial kiln, in which a tangential thickness compression of 14% and 12% were aimed for acacia and rubberwood, respectively, either with or without subsequent thermal treatment at 210 °C. Dry density, MOE, Brinell hardness, compression strength, and dimensional changes in water immersion tests of specimens were measured from the modified and unmodified reference materials, the latter ones being kiln dried at 50 °C. The results showed that the responses of the mechanical properties were more evident for rubberwood than for acacia. In rubberwood, the MOE and compression strength of wood thermo-hygro-mechanically modified with or without thermal treatment were higher than those of kiln-dried reference specimens throughout the thickness profile. In case of acacia, similar differences between the modified and reference specimens were observed only in the surface layer. Density and Brinell hardness of thermo-hygro-mechanically modified rubberwood were higher than those of reference specimens, but after thermal treatment they did not differ from (acacia) or were lower (rubberwood) than those of THM specimens. Post-compression thermal treatment increased the hydrophobicity of THM specimens.202

Effects of thermal modification on physical and mechanical properties of Mozambican Brachystegia spiciformis and Julbernardia globiflora wood

Mozambique’s large pool of tropical hardwoods is hampered by the prevalence of low-grade tree species along with a lack of cost-effective processing technologies to improve timber properties. Brachystegia spiciformis and Julbernadia globiflora are the most abundant tree species in terms of volume in the country, but with limited use due to their low timber quality. In this study, thermal modification at three different temperatures (215 °C; 230 °C; 245 °C) was applied for 2 h to the timber of both species, followed by measurement of a set of physical and mechanical wood properties. The results show that the originally light-coloured sapwood of both tree species darkened gradually as the intensity of thermal modification increased. Additionally, from untreated samples to the highest thermal treatment level, timber of B. spiciformis incurred a maximum mass loss of 27%, while oven-dry density was reduced from 0.65 to 0.56 g/cm3 and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) changed from 7 to 3%. Timber of J. globiflora had a mass loss of 23% after the highest treatment level, an oven-dry density reduction of 0.81 to 0.74 g/cm3 and an EMC decrease from 8 to 3%. The changes in mechanical properties from reference samples to the highest thermal treatment level were also significant. For B. spiciformis, MOE decreased by 10.2%, MOR by 50.8%, compression strength parallel to the grain by 29.2% and Brinell hardness by 23.5%. Timber of J. globiflora followed the same trend with an MOE decrease by 6.9%, an MOR decrease by 53.2% and a decrease in compression strength parallel to the grain by 21.9%. All tested wood properties showed significant responses to thermal modification after the most intensive treatment level had been applied. Despite the degradation of mechanical properties in both species, an optimal combination of temperature and treatment time could be achieved. The recorded changes of the tested wood properties in both species could increase the range of applications; the new colour resembled that of highly sought-after tropical hardwoods.202